Intraocular device with wirelessly coupled auxiliary electronics

ABSTRACT

Techniques and mechanisms for the wireless transmission of power and sensor information between two components of an implantable ophthalmic device are disclosed herein. An example device includes an accommodating intraocular lens (aIOL) and separate auxiliary electronics, both enclosed in biocompatible materials. The aIOL includes a dynamic optic, control logic, a battery and an antenna. The auxiliary electronics include an antenna, an energy storage cell, and a sensor. The auxiliary electronics may be wirelessly coupled to the aIOL for the wireless transmission of power and sensor information.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/194,245, filed on Jun. 27, 2016, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to implantable ophthalmic devices, andin particular but not exclusively, relates to wirelessly coupledcomponents of an intraocular device.

BACKGROUND

Accommodation is a process by which the eye adjusts its focal distanceto maintain focus on objects of varying distance. Accommodation is areflex action, but can be consciously manipulated. Accommodation iscontrolled by contractions of the ciliary muscle. The ciliary muscleencircles the eye's elastic lens and, when contracted, relieves tensionapplied to the lens via the zonules, causing the lens to relax, changeshape, and thus alter its optical power.

As an individual ages, accommodation degrades due to physiologicalchanges in the lens and surrounding tissues. Presbyopia is a progressiveage-related loss of accommodative or focusing strength of the eye, whichresults in increased blur at near distances. This loss of accommodativestrength with age has been well studied and is relatively consistent andpredictable. Presbyopia affects nearly 1.7 billion people worldwidetoday (110 million in the United States alone) and that number isexpected to substantially rise as the world's population ages.

Recent technologies have begun to provide for various devices thatoperate in or on a human eye to aid the visual focus of a user. Devicesintended to aid in accommodation may take the form of an intraocularlens (IOL), contact lens, or corneal inlay. An electro-activeaccommodating lens in any of these configurations may include one ormore elements and circuitry to apply an electrical signal to change afocusing power of the one or more elements. As successive generations ofintegrated circuitry continue to scale down in size and powerconsumption, there is expected to be an increased demand for additionalfunctionality to be incorporated in medical devices such asaccommodation-capable (or other) ophthalmic implants. Meeting thisdemand is constrained by the size of the human eye, which limits theamount of space available for an intraocular device to providecommunication, sensor, power and/or other functionality.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the invention aredescribed with reference to the following figures, wherein likereference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various viewsunless otherwise specified. Not all instances of an element arenecessarily labeled so as not to clutter the drawings where appropriate.The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placedupon illustrating the principles being described.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an ophthalmic lens system in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A is an illustrative plan view of auxiliary electronics inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2B is an illustrative plan view of auxiliary electronics inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3A is an illustrative side view of an ophthalmic device implantedin an eye in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3B is an illustrative front view of the ophthalmic device implantedin the eye in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional illustration of an eye with an implantedophthalmic device including wirelessly coupled structures in accordancewith one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an eye with animplantable auxiliary electronic in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 4C cross-sectional view of a portion of an eye with an implantableauxiliary electronic in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 5 is an example method for wirelessly transmitting power fromimplanted auxiliary electronics to an implanted aIOL in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is an example method for wirelessly transmitting sensorinformation from implanted auxiliary electronics to an implanted aIOL inaccordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments described herein variously provide for an implantableophthalmic device that includes wirelessly coupled sections, such as anintraocular lens and auxiliary electronics. Rather than encasing allcomponents in a single vessel, implantable ophthalmic devices accordingto some embodiments variously distribute components across multiplesections that are wirelessly coupled to one another. Such sections maybe wirelessly coupled to one another via one or more antennae. Thesections may, for example, both be disposed in a biocompatible material.The antennae may include, for example, conductors formed into helicalcoils and embedded in medical grade silicone and/or flex circuitsfabricated from biocompatible materials. Providing wireless couplingbetween the sections, each section may be implanted in a different areaof the eye based on the respective function of the section and the spaceneeded for implantation. Additionally, by providing two or morephysically separated sections, incisions made for the respectiveimplantable sections may be reduced in size comparable to the incisionrequired for a monolithic device.

Certain features of various embodiments are described herein withreference to an ophthalmic device that provides different levels ofaccommodation to aid sight with an eye. However, some embodiments arenot limited to the providing of automatic accommodation, and suchdescription may be extended to additionally or alternatively apply toany of a variety of other implantable ophthalmic devices. For example, adevice according to another embodiment may provide only one level ofaccommodation. In another embodiment, an implantable device includes oneor more sensors to detect a condition (e.g., a level of intraocularpressure) in or on the eye—e.g., in addition to, or in lieu of, thedevice aiding sight by the eye. In another embodiment, an implantabledevice includes reversible chemical assays to assess analyteconcentrations.

Ophthalmic devices discussed herein may comprise multiple portions orsegments, referred to herein as “components”, that are coupled to oneanother via one or more antennae, e.g., they are wirelessly coupled.Wireless coupling may allow for the different components to be placed indifferent eye locations, which may ultimately ease the surgery forplacement and/or replacement of both. Each component may be at least asemi-rigid structure that are enclosed in a biocompatible material. Suchcomponents may include circuitry, optics, one or more sensors and/or thelike. An enclosure may hermetically seal some or all such components.

An exterior of an ophthalmic device according to one embodiment mayinclude respective surfaces of multiple components. Such surfaces may beformed by one or more biocompatible materials that accommodateimplantation of the ophthalmic device in a human (or other) eye.Examples of some biocompatible materials that may be used include, butare not limited to, any of various biocompatible hydrogels, silicones,hydrophobic acrylics, fluorinated polymethacrylates and/or the like. Inan embodiment, one or more components include a coating of biocompatiblematerial that, for example, is formed by atomic layer deposition. Suchmaterials may be adapted from those used in existing intraoculardevices, for example.

In the following description numerous specific details are set forth toprovide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. One skilled in therelevant art will recognize, however, that the techniques describedherein can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, orwith other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances,well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown ordescribed in detail to avoid obscuring certain aspects.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment is includedin at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, theappearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” invarious places throughout this specification are not necessarily allreferring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features,structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner inone or more embodiments.

Accommodating intraocular lenses (aIOLs) available today may bemechanically actuated. For example, a mechanical component of an aIOLmay be actuated by eye muscles and connected tissues, such as theciliary muscle, ciliary processes and ciliary bag, to cause the aIOL toaccommodate, e.g., change focus. For example, the actuation may cause anoptic of the aIOL to adjust an optical strength commensurate with themuscular change of the eye muscles. The general intent of the aIOL beingto replicate the natural focusing of the eye using implanted lenses.These mechanically actuated aIOLs, however, do not replicate naturalfocusing well due to compromised integrity of the natural mechanicalsystem in the eye, which may limit the level of accommodation providedby the aIOL.

Electronically controlled aIOLs, may provide more consistentaccommodation results across patients. Electronically controlled aIOLs,however, require a power source to operate the electronics and theactuation of the optic, among other things. While integration of thepower source and the aIOL may be desired, the volume of the eyeavailable for placement of the aIOL and the incision size that can betolerated in various locations are limited, which constrains the size ofthe aIOL. A size-limited aIOL may, in turn, limit the battery size and abattery lifetime. Although the electronics and the actuators may operateat low powers, the longevity and the size of the battery is of concern.If the longevity of the battery is limited, the battery may requireperiodic replacement, every 5 to 10 years for example. As such, if thebattery is integrated with the aIOL, then the entire aIOL may need to bereplaced in order to replace the battery. Replacement, as one wouldunderstand, would require additional surgery, which may involveincisions in delicate areas of the eye.

AIOLs, in general, may be located in the capsular bag, anterior chamber,or the sulcus, for example, which may affect the location of the powersource. An additional complication to the placement of the power sourcemay be due to the connection required between it and the aIOL. Forexample, if the connection is physical, e.g., a wire, additionalincisions may be required and the location of the power source may needto be close to the aIOL. As such, if the aIOL is implanted in theanterior chamber, then the power source may also need to be similarlylocated, which may negatively affect the size of the power source. Assuch, the invasiveness of the initial surgery and a battery replacementsurgery may be reduced if at least a power source for the aIOL isphysically separate from the aIOL (e.g., not tethered by a physicalconnection), and implanted in a more accessible region of the eye.

Additionally, for the aIOL to operate as intended, a sensor or sensornetwork may also be implanted in the eye to determine when and how muchto accommodate. The sensor, which may use more power than the other aIOLelectronics in some instances, may also affect the size of the powersource. One technique to determine when and how much to accommodate maybe to use a sensor capable of performing electromyography (EMG) on themuscles that control focusing, e.g., the ciliary muscle. The sensor maymeasure the EMG of the ciliary, e.g., ciliary EMG, to determine apatient's intent to accommodate. The ciliary EMG information may becorrelated with a change in focus, which may be used to determine anamount of accommodation to apply to the optic of the aIOL. The aIOL, dueto implant location, may not have simple access to the ciliary muscle,which may require the sensor to be placed in a location different thanthe aIOL.

Accordingly, faced with the above constraints, it may be desirable tohave a power source implanted in a more easily accessible location ofthe eye, and in a location that allows for a larger power sourceimplant. Further, to overcome the interconnection concern between theaIOL and the power source, the power source may wirelessly deliver powerto the aIOL. As a result, the aIOL may be wirelessly charged, and aphysical connection between the two may be omitted. The power source mayalso be wirelessly charged, such as by an external charging device.Further, a sensor may accompany the power source and wirelessly providesensor data to the aIOL. In one example, the sensor may detect ciliarymuscle EMG to determine an eye's intent to accommodate. Alternatively oradditionally, the sensor may also detect and utilize strains, forces,deflections in the aIOL or surrounding tissue to determine an eye'sintent to accommodate.

By wirelessly providing power and sensor data to the aIOL, thecombination of a power source and a sensor, which may be referred toherein as “auxiliary electronics,” may be placed in an area of the eyecapable of holding a larger implant. In some embodiments, the auxiliaryelectronics implant may be anchored to or partially covered by thesclera. Because the sclera may accommodate a larger implant than theanterior chamber, for example, the auxiliary electronics implant may beless size-limited, which may allow for a larger power source. A largerpower source, in turn, may allow for longer battery life, which may leadto fewer or no replacement surgeries. Additionally, in the event thepower source needs replacement, the sclera location may make thereplacement surgery less invasive.

Surgical procedures similar to a trabeculectomy, which are performed torelieve eye pressure for glaucoma patients, may be used to implant thepower source/sensor in a user's eye. For example, the auxiliaryelectronics may be anchored to or partially implanted in the sclera. Forexample, a flap may be created in the sclera (without piercing theanterior chamber) and the auxiliary electronics may be placed within theflap. Alternatively or additionally, the auxiliary electronics may beanchored to the sclera using anchoring tabs. Locating the power sourcein or on the sclera may provide several advantages, such as beingsurgically accessible using a known procedure (e.g., no new surgicaltechniques are required), a reasonably large area is available that isreasonably close to the proposed aIOL location in the capsular bag orsulcus, and located very near the ciliary body, potentially providing agood location for monitoring ciliary activity as a means of detecting apatient's intent to accommodate.

In general, the present disclosure allows for electronically controlledaIOLs to have their optical components, and control mechanisms, to beplaced into the optical path of the eye while bulkier non-opticalcomponents may be placed in a more accessible area of the eye, such asthe sclera. Such placement allows for less invasive power sourcereplacement surgery. Sclera placement of the power source may alsoincrease the amount of volume available for the power source, which mayallow for a higher capacity power source and a more robust andtraditional hermetic enclosure. Additionally, separating a main powersource from the aIOL optical components may allow for smaller incisionsizes for placement of the aIOL optical components, which are made inmore delicate regions of the eye. Moreover, providing access to thepower source in the sclera may simplify power source replacementsurgery, and avoids complications of intraocular surgery, such asadditional incisions through the cornea, damage to the capsular bag, andmovement of the aIOL, among other things.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an ophthalmic system 100 including awirelessly coupled, implanted auxiliary component according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. In the illustrative embodimentshown, system 100 includes an implantable ophthalmic device 142 and anexternal charger 106. The implantable ophthalmic device 142, whichincludes an accommodating intraocular lens (aIOL) 102 and auxiliaryelectronics 104, may accommodate implantation in an eye, human or other,and perform sensing and aid to eyesight, e.g., accommodation. The aIOL102 and the auxiliary electronics 104 may be implanted in differentlocations of an eye, whereas the external charger 106 is located outsideof the eye. The aIOL 102, auxiliary electronics 104, and externalcharger 106 may be wirelessly coupled to one another via one or moreantennae included in each. The System 100 may allow for wirelesscharging through inductive coupling, e.g., inductive charging, of theaIOL 102 and the auxiliary electronics 104. For example, the aIOL 102may be inductively charged by the auxiliary electronics 104, which mayhave been inductively charged by the external charger 106. Additionally,the aIOL 102 may be inductively charged by the external charger 106.

The aIOL 102 may be capable of being implanted into an anterior chamber,posterior chamber, capsular bag, sulcus, or other location of a user'seye. The aIOL 102 is one example embodiment wherein components (e.g.,including one or more of circuitry, optics, a battery, etc.) aredisposed in an enclosure 148 that is formed from a biocompatiblematerial, which may be a biocompatible enclosure. The biocompatiblematerial or materials may seal respective components disposed therein,e.g., to provide protection for the interior of an eye in which aIOL 102is to be implanted. Some enclosure material may be opticallytransmissive (e.g., transparent, clear, etc.), in an embodiment. Forexample, some or all of the enclosure material may be implemented as asilicon enclosure, or with any of other hermetically sealable materials.Of course, other optically transmissive and biocompatible materials maybe used. In some embodiments, the aIOL 102 includes control logic 108,antenna 110, power supply 112, and a dynamic optic 114, all or some ofwhich may be disposed on a surface of substrate 144.

The dynamic optic 114 may aid a user's eye sight using one or morelenses that include mechanisms capable of providing accommodation. Someexamples of such mechanisms include liquid crystal, fluidic,electrowetting and/or the like. The dynamic optic, which may be part ofor include in the enclosure 148, may provide an aperture region alignedwith the user's cornea that provides the accommodation. In someembodiments, the dynamic optic 114 may provide accommodation in responseto control signals provided by the control logic 108. In someembodiments, the control signals may originate in control logic 132 ofthe auxiliary electronics 104. In either embodiment, the control signalsmay be in response to attempted eye accommodation sensed by sensor 134of the auxiliary electronics 104.

Control logic 108, in response to sensor data received from theauxiliary electronics 104, may determine a new level of accommodation tobe provided by the dynamic optic 114. The new level of accommodation maybe provided to the dynamic optic 114 via a wired or wireless electricalconnection. Control logic 108 may include circuit logic that coordinatesthe operation of other components of aIOL 102, and may be implemented ashardware logic (e.g., application specific integrated circuit, fieldprogrammable gate array, etc.), software/firmware logic executed on ageneral purpose microcontroller, or a combination of both hardware andsoftware/firmware logic.

Power supply 112 may be implemented using a variety of power storagedevices including a rechargeable battery and/or capacitive elements,which may form battery 120. Charging circuitry 118, coupled to providecharging of battery 120, may include an inductive charging element, suchas energy harvesting antenna 116.

Power supply 112 includes the battery 120 to power the various embeddedelectronics, including control logic 108 and dynamic optic 114. Battery120 may be inductively charged by charging circuitry 118 and energyharvesting antenna 116. In one embodiment, antenna 110 and energyharvesting antenna 116 are independent antennae, which serve theirrespective functions of energy harvesting and communications. In anotherembodiment, energy harvesting antenna 116 and antenna 110 are the samephysical antenna that provide respective functions for time-sharedinductive charging and wireless communications with auxiliaryelectronics 104.

Charging circuitry 118 may include a rectifier/regulator to conditionthe captured energy for charging battery 120 or directly power controllogic 108 without battery 120. Charging circuitry 118 may also includeone or more energy storage devices to mitigate high frequency variationsin energy harvesting antenna 116. For example, one or more energystorage devices (e.g., a capacitor, an inductor, etc.) may be connectedto function as a low-pass filter.

The auxiliary electronics 104 may also be a device that lends itself toimplantation into a user's eye. The auxiliary electronics 104 may beenclosed in enclosure 150, which may be a biocompatible material. Theauxiliary electronics 104 may be implanted into the user's eye alongwith the aIOL 102, but the implant location may be different. Forexample, the aIOL 102 may be implanted in the anterior or posteriorchamber, whereas the auxiliary electronics 104 may be (at leastpartially) implanted in or anchored to the sclera. Locating theauxiliary electronics 104 in the sclera may provide several benefits,such as a less invasive surgery if the auxiliary electronics requirereplacement, a larger area that allows for a larger power source, whichmay provide a longer battery life leading to fewer or no replacementsurgeries. Additionally, the sclera location may allow a sensor, such assensor 134, to detect an eye's attempts to accommodate by monitoring theciliary muscle using EMG, pressure, temperature, strain or otherbiomarkers. The auxiliary electronics 104 may be wirelessly coupled tothe aIOL 102 through wireless coupling 136 to inductively charge thebattery 120 of the aIOL 102 and/or to wirelessly transmit data regardingthe user's attempts to accommodate.

The illustrated embodiment of auxiliary electronics 104 includes a powersupply 122, control logic 132, antenna 130 and sensor 134, all or someof which may be disposed on a surface of substrate 146. The power supply122 includes an energy harvesting antenna 128, charging circuitry 126,and energy storage cells 124. The auxiliary electronics 104 maywirelessly transmit power to the battery 120 of the aIOL 102 byinductively coupling energy harvesting antenna 128 with the energyharvesting antenna 116 of the aIOL 102. Additionally, the auxiliaryelectronics 104 may wirelessly transmit information detected by thesensor 134 to the aIOL 102 via the antenna 130. The information detectedby the sensor may include attempts at accommodation made by the eye inwhich the ophthalmic device 142 is implanted.

Control logic 132 may include circuit logic that coordinates theoperation of other components of auxiliary electronics 104, and may beimplemented as hardware logic (e.g., application specific integratedcircuit, field programmable gate array, etc.), software/firmware logicexecuted on a general purpose microcontroller, or a combination of bothhardware and software/firmware logic. The control logic 132 may receiveciliary EMG information from the sensor 134 and transmit the informationto the aIOL 102 via the antenna 130, for example. Additionally, controllogic 132 may control the power supply 122 to cause the power supply 122is to inductively charge the battery 120 of the aIOL 102. Further,control logic 132 may include communication protocols that govern thetransmission and receipt of information from the aIOL 102 via one ormore of the antennae 130 and 128.

In the illustrated embodiment of the power supply 122, the energystorage cells 124 power the various embedded electronics, includingcontrol logic 132 and sensor 134. The energy storage cells 124 maycomprise a plurality of batteries or super capacitors. For example, theenergy storage cells 124 may be a plurality of lithium ion or lithiumpolymer batteries. Energy storage cells 124 may be inductively chargedby charging circuitry 126 and energy harvesting antenna 128.Additionally, energy storage cells 124 may provide energy for chargingbattery 120 of aIOL 102 through inductive coupling. For example, theenergy harvesting antennae 128 and 116 may be inductively coupled sothat charge from energy storage cells 124 may be wirelessly transmittedto battery 120. Periodically or at times of need, e.g., the battery 120has low amounts of energy, the control logic 108 may initiate chargingof the battery 120 by transmitting a signal indicating such to thecontrol logic 132. In response, the control logic 132 may instruct thepower supply 122 to wirelessly charge the battery 120 through inductivecoupling.

In one embodiment, antenna 130 and energy harvesting antenna 128 areindependent antennae, which serve their respective functions of energyharvesting and communications. In another embodiment, energy harvestingantenna 128 and antenna 130 are the same physical antenna that are timeshared for their respective functions of inductive charging and wirelesscommunications with aIOL 102. Additionally or alternatively, powersupply 122 may include a solar cell (“photovoltaic cell”) to captureenergy from incoming ultraviolet, visible, and/or infrared radiation.Furthermore, an inertial power scavenging system can be included tocapture energy from ambient vibrations.

Charging circuitry 126 may include a rectifier/regulator to conditionthe captured energy for charging energy storage cells 124 or directlypower control logic 132 without energy storage cells 124. Chargingcircuitry 126 may also include one or more energy storage devices tomitigate high frequency variations in energy harvesting antenna 128. Forexample, one or more energy storage devices (e.g., a capacitor, aninductor, etc.) can be connected to function as a low-pass filter.

The sensor 134 may detect ciliary activity to determine when a user'seye is attempting to accommodate and by how much. The ciliary activityinformation detected by the sensor 134 may be provided to the controllogic 132. In some embodiments, the control logic 132 provides theciliary activity information to the control logic 108 of the aIOL 102via the antenna 130. The control logic 108 may determine an amount ofaccommodation based on the ciliary information and cause the dynamicoptic 114 to respond accordingly. In such an embodiment, the correlationof the ciliary activity information to an amount of accommodation isperformed by the control logic 108 of the aIOL 102. In some embodiments,the correlation of the ciliary EMG information to an accommodationamount may be performed by the control logic 132, and the accommodationamount transmitted to the aIOL 102 by the control logic 132.

Alternatively or additionally, the sensor 134 may monitor movement ofthe capsular bag. The amount, or relative, movement of the capsular bagmay be detected by the sensor 134, which may then be provided to thecontrol logic 132. The control logic 132 may convert the detectedmovement of the capsular bag into an amount of attempted accommodation,or the detected movement, or a value indicative of the detectedmovement, may be transmitted to the control logic 108 for conversion.The amount of accommodation may then be provided to the dynamic optic114.

The external charger 106 may be a loop antenna, e.g., an energytransmitting antenna, for inductively charging the auxiliary electronics104 and/or the aIOL 102 via connections 140 and 138, respectively. Insome embodiments, the external charger may be included in an eye glassesframe that a patient may comfortably wear while charging the auxiliaryelectronics 104 and/or the aIOL 102. In some embodiments, the externalcharger 106 may be a wand the user places in close proximity to theireye to inductively charge the auxiliary electronics 104 and/or the aIOL102.

In operation, the aIOL 102 may provide accommodation to a user via thedynamic optic 114. The aIOL 102, as discussed, may normally operate fromenergy stored in the battery 120. Occasionally or periodically, however,the battery 120 may be recharged at which time inductive charging of thebattery 120 by the auxiliary electronics 104 may occur. The inductivecharging may occur based on a schedule and/or based on need. Forexample, the battery 120 may be charged once or twice a day.Additionally or alternatively, the battery 120 may be charged at theinitiation of the logic 108 if energy stored in the battery 120 fallsbelow a minimum threshold.

It is noted that the block diagram shown in FIG. 1 is described inconnection with functional modules for convenience in description, butdoes not necessarily connote physical organization. Rather, embodimentsof device 142 may be arranged with one or more of the functional modules(“sub-systems”) implemented in a single chip, multiple chips, in one ormore integrated circuits, or otherwise.

FIG. 2A is an illustrative plan view of auxiliary electronics 200 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The auxiliaryelectronics 200 may be an example of the auxiliary electronics 104. Theauxiliary electronics 200 may be capable of implantation into an eye.For example, the auxiliary electronics 200 may be at least partiallyimplanted in and/or anchored to the sclera of a user's eye. Theauxiliary electronics 200 may at least inductively charge a battery ofan accompanying implanted ophthalmic device (not shown), such as anintraocular lens. Additionally or alternatively, the auxiliaryelectronics 200 may include a sensor capable of detecting ciliary muscleactivity through EMG and wirelessly providing the ciliary activityinformation to the accompanying implanted ophthalmic device. Whileciliary activity information is discussed herein, other eye-relativedata may be gathered by various sensors, and provided to theaccompanying ophthalmic device. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG.2A, the auxiliary electronics 200 includes a substrate 202, an antenna204, and an enclosure 206 encapsulating the substrate 202 and antenna204.

The enclosure 206 may be formed from a biocompatible material enablingimplantation into an eye. In some embodiments, the enclosure 206 mayhermetically seal the antenna 204 and the substrate 202. For example,the enclosure 206 may be a biocompatible ceramic. Other biocompatiblematerials, such as biocompatible hydrogel, silicone, hydrophobicacrylic, fluorinated polymethacrylate and/or the like, may also be usedto form the enclosure 206. While there are many biocompatible materialsthat may be used to implement the enclosure 206, the biocompatiblematerial is a non-limiting aspect of the present disclosure and anybiocompatible material may be used.

The antenna 204 may be formed into a circle from one or more helicalcoils. In general, the antenna 204 may be a loop antenna of any shape,such as circular, oval, etc. The antenna 204 may be a conductor formedinto a helical loop and capable of being inductively coupled to one ormore other antennae. In some embodiments, the antenna 204 may be formedfrom a wire shaped into one or more helical coils, where the wire may bea metal, e.g., gold, silver, aluminum, etc., or a transparent orsemi-transparent conductor, e.g., indium tin oxide. While the antenna204 is shown as being disposed outside of the substrate 202, the antenna204 may be disposed on a surface of the substrate 202, such as abackside or front side surface. In some embodiments, the auxiliaryelectronics 200 may include two physically separate antennae with oneantenna providing for energy harvesting and transmission and the otherantenna providing for data transmission and receipt. For example, theantenna 204 may include two antennas with one being similar to theenergy harvesting antenna 128 and the other being similar to the antenna130 of the auxiliary electronics 104 of FIG. 1.

Substrate 202 includes one or more surfaces suitable for mounting logiccircuits, power supplies, antenna(e), and a sensor. For example, thesubstrate 202 may be used for the substrate 146 of FIG. 1. Substrate 202may be employed both as a mounting platform for chip-based circuitry(e.g., by flip-chip mounting) and/or as a platform for patterningconductive materials (e.g., gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, copper,aluminum, silver, metals, other conductive materials, combinations ofthese, etc.) to create electrodes, interconnects, antennae, etc. In someembodiments, substantially transparent conductive materials (e.g.,indium tin oxide) may be patterned on substrate 202 to form circuitry,electrodes, etc. For example, antenna 204 may be formed by depositing apattern of gold or another conductive material on substrate 204.Similarly, interconnects between various circuits included on thesubstrate 202 may be formed by depositing suitable patterns ofconductive materials thereon. A combination of resists, masks, anddeposition techniques may be employed to pattern materials on substrate202. Substrate 202 may be a relatively rigid material, such aspolyethylene terephthalate (“PET”) or another material sufficient tostructurally support the circuitry and/or electronics within enclosure206. Enclosure 206 may alternatively include an arrangement of multiplesubstrates rather than a single substrate. For example, control logic132 and power supply 122 may be mounted to one substrate, while antenna204 and sensor 134 are mounted to another substrate and the two may beelectrically connected via interconnects.

Because the auxiliary electronics 200 is intended to be implanted intoan eye, size, e.g., volume and area, of the auxiliary electronics 200may be constrained. However, due to the auxiliary electronics 200 beingwirelessly coupled with an accompanying ophthalmic device, there may bemore flexibility with regards to its placement location, and thereforeits size. For example, if the auxiliary electronics 200 is implanted inor anchored to the sclera, a maximum size of the auxiliary electronics200 may be greater than if it was implanted in the anterior chamber, forexample. An example range of sizes for the auxiliary electronics 200,which may be influenced by the antenna layout, may be from 5.0×5.0×0.4mm³ to 5.6×5.6×0.8 mm³. The enclosure 206 may have a thickness of around0.1 mm, for example. While battery life is also of concern, the overallsize of the auxiliary electronics 200 may allow for larger or morenumerous energy storage cells, which may in combination extend the lifeof a battery included in the auxiliary electronics 200. In someembodiments, the energy storage cells may consume 25% to 50% of thevolume of the power source 200.

FIG. 2B is an illustrative plan view of auxiliary electronics 250 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The auxiliaryelectronics 250 includes similar features as the auxiliary electronics200, such as a substrate 252, antenna 244 and encapsulating material256. As such, a detailed discussion of the similar features will not berepeated for sake of brevity. Although auxiliary electronics 250 and 200are alike in various ways, antenna 244 is shown to be in an oval shape,instead of the circular shape of antenna 204. Because a width of theauxiliary electronics 250 may be narrower than a width of the auxiliaryelectronics 200 due to the oval shape of antenna 244, a smaller incisionmay be made in an eye in order to implant the auxiliary electronics 250than may be required to implant the auxiliary electronics 200.

In some embodiments, the auxiliary electronics 200 and 250 may befoldable. Foldability may allow a surgeon to make an even smallerincision in order to implant the power source into the eye. After thepower source is inserted through the incision, the power source may beunfolded prior to implanting in or anchoring to the sclera, for example.

FIG. 3A is an example side view of an ophthalmic device 300 implanted inan eye 314 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.The ophthalmic device may be an example implantation of the ophthalmicdevice 142 of FIG. 1. The ophthalmic device 300 may include an aIOL 304and auxiliary electronics 302, which may be implanted in differentlocations of the eye 314. The aIOL 304 and the auxiliary electronics 302may be wirelessly coupled for transmission and receipt of energy anddata, for example.

The aIOL 304 may be implanted in an eye's anterior chamber, posteriorchamber, sulcus, etc., and may be used to provide accommodation to auser. The aIOL 304 may be implanted with an optical axis normal to andin parallel with a visual axis of the eye. For example, a dynamic opticof the aIOL 304 (not shown), may be in the visual axis of the eye 314.

The auxiliary electronics 302 may be implanted in, or partially in, thesclera. Implanting the auxiliary electronics 302 in the scleral maycause the auxiliary electronics 302 to be at an angle with respect tothe aIOL 304. The respective angle may be from 48 to 52 degrees, in someembodiments. The auxiliary electronics 302 may also be laterallydisplaced (in the x direction as shown in FIG. 3A) from the aIOL 304.The lateral displacement may range from 0 to 4 mm, in some embodiments.The respective angle and the lateral displacement between the aIOL 304and the auxiliary electronics 302 may affect the energy conversion ofthe inductive energy transfer from the auxiliary electronics 302 to theaIOL 304, in some embodiments.

FIG. 3B is an illustrative front view of the ophthalmic device 300implanted in the eye 314 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. The front view of the ophthalmic device 300 shows thevarious components that may be included in the auxiliary electronics 302and the aIOL 304. The auxiliary electronics 302, for example, may be animplementation of the auxiliary electronics 104, 200 or 250. Further,the aIOL 304 may be an implementation of the aIOL 102.

The illustrative embodiment of the auxiliary electronics 302 includes asubstrate 312, one or more antennae 310, and an enclosure 316. Thesubstrate 312 may include one or more surfaces for disposing electronicsthereon, such as control logic, a sensor, and a power supply. In someembodiments, the one or more antennae 310 may be disposed on thesubstrate 312. The one or more antennae 310 may allow for wirelesscoupling between the auxiliary electronics 302 and the aIOL 304. Thewireless coupling may include both transmission and receipt of data, andinductive charging of one or more batteries, for example. The enclosure316 may be a biocompatible material that is inert with respect to theeye, and may be (partially) deformable or rigid. In some embodiments,the enclosure 316 may be a biocompatible ceramic that hermetically sealsthe one or more antennae 310 and the substrate 312.

Similar to the aIOL 102, the illustrative example of the aIOL 304includes a substrate 308, one or more antennae 306, and an enclosure318. The one or more antennae 306 may be substantially similar to theone or more antennae 310, and may wirelessly couple the auxiliaryelectronics 302 and the aIOL 304. The enclosure 318 may be transmissive,e.g., substantially transparent, so that the user may see through itbecause the aIOL 304 may be in the visual axis of the eye. Further, thesubstrate 308 may include a dynamic optic, control logic, and a powersupply. Because the dynamic optic provides accommodation for the user,the dynamic optic may be centrally located on the substrate 308, and mayinclude actuators for providing the accommodation. The control logic andpower supply may be located at an edge of the substrate 308, forexample, so not to interfere with a user's vision.

The relative angle and lateral displacement between the auxiliaryelectronics 302 and the aIOL 304 may be due to various factors of theeye. For example, placing the auxiliary electronics 302 in or on thesclera may cause the relative angle and the lateral displacement withrespect to the aIOL 304. Additionally, the size and shape of a user'seye may affect the angle and lateral displacement between the aIOL 304and the auxiliary electronics 302. As such, the lateral displacement andthe relative angle between the components of the ophthalmic device 300may vary from user to user. In some embodiments, the relative angle andlateral displacement may affect the energy conversion efficiency, whichmay change from user to user. In some embodiments, the variable inenergy conversion may affect the number of times or the length of time abattery of the aIOL 304 may be inductively charged by the auxiliaryelectronics 302.

While both the relative angle and the lateral displacement may affectthe conversion efficiency, a decrease in efficiency due to the lateraldisplacement may be counteracted by the relative angle. However, ingeneral the smaller the relative angle, the greater the power conversionefficiency. For example, at a lateral displacement of 2 mm and at arelative angle of 48 degrees, the power conversion efficiency using acircular energy harvesting antennae may be greater than 20%.

FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional illustration of an eye 406 with animplanted ophthalmic device 400 including wirelessly coupled structuresin accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. Ophthalmicdevice 400 may include some or all of the features of the device 142 forexample. In the illustrative embodiment shown, device 400 includes anaIOL 404 wirelessly coupled to auxiliary electronics 402. The particulararrangement of the aIOL 404 and the auxiliary electronics 402 relativeto one another is merely illustrative, and not limiting on someembodiments. AIOL 404 is illustrated as being implanted within theposterior chamber 408 behind iris 410. However, aIOL 404 may beimplanted into other locations, as well, such as anterior chamber 412disposed between iris 410 and cornea 414.

The auxiliary electronics 402 is illustrated to be implanted in thesclera 416. In some embodiments, the auxiliary electronics 402 may be atleast partially implanted in the sclera under a flap formed in thesclera, as shown in FIG. 4B. Additionally, the auxiliary electronics 402may be positioned close to ciliary muscle 418 so that an included sensormay detect muscular changes by the ciliary that indicate attempts ataccommodation. The cross-sectional illustration of the sclera implant ofthe auxiliary electronics 402 is shown in FIG. 4B in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. The illustration of FIG. 4B showsthe auxiliary electronics 402 placed under a flap 420 formed in thesclera 416. Because the sclera is thin, e.g., around 2 mm in thickness,the formation of the flap may be a delicate procedure and may not fullyenclose the auxiliary electronics 402. As such, an alternative, oradditional, technique may be used to anchor the auxiliary electronics402 to the sclera 416 using one or more tabs 422.

FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view of the auxiliary electronics 402anchored to the sclera 416 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The auxiliary electronics 402 may have one or moretabs 422 formed on or as part of an enclosure. The one or more tabs 422may be inserted into the sclera 416 to anchor the power source. Theauxiliary electronics 402 may be stably held in place by the one or moretabs 422. Anchoring the auxiliary electronics 402 by the tabs 422 mayalleviate the need to form the flap 420 in the sclera 416, for example.Additionally, however, implanting the auxiliary electronics 402 mayinclude both the flap 420 and the one or more tabs 422.

FIG. 5 is an example method 500 for wirelessly transmitting power fromimplanted auxiliary electronics to an implanted aIOL in accordance withthe present disclosure. The method 500 may be implemented, for example,by the ophthalmic system 100. In such an example, the aIOL 102 and theauxiliary electronics 104 may be implanted in different locations of auser's eye, and the two components of the system may be capable ofwirelessly coupling so that the auxiliary electronics may inductivelycharge a battery of the aIOL 102. In some embodiments, the auxiliaryelectronics 104 may be implanted in or anchored to the sclera of theuser's eye, whereas the aIOL 102 may be implanted in the anteriorchamber, posterior chamber, or capsular bag of the same eye.

The method 500 may begin at block 502 with wirelessly transmitting powerby an external charger. The external charger 106 may be an exampleexternal charger. In general, the external charger may be external tothe user's eye, and placed in proximity to the user's eye to effectuatewireless transmission of power. Block 502 may be followed by block 504,which includes receiving the wirelessly transmitted power by auxiliaryelectronics to charge an energy storage cell of the auxiliaryelectronics. The auxiliary electronics may charge one or more energystorage cells included therein using the power wirelessly transmitted bythe external charger. The auxiliary electronics and the external chargermay use inductive coupling to implement the wireless charging. Forexample, an antenna of the external charger may be inductively coupledto an antenna of the auxiliary electronics.

Block 504 may be followed by block 506, which includes wirelesslytransmitting power by the auxiliary electronics. The auxiliaryelectronics may include an antenna for wirelessly transmitting thepower, which may be the same antenna used for receiving the power fromthe external charger, and the accommodating intraocular lens may includean antenna for receiving the power. In some embodiments, the powertransmitted by the auxiliary electronics may be power stored in anenergy storage cell of the auxiliary electronics. Block 509 may befollowed by block 508, which includes receiving the wirelesslytransmitted power by an accommodating intraocular lens (aIOL). Theauxiliary electronics and the aIOL, as discussed, may be amenable toimplantation into an eye, and may further be implanted in the same eyeof the user. For example, both the auxiliary electronics and the aIOLmay be enclosed in a biocompatible material, and the auxiliaryelectronics may be implanted in, or at least anchored to, the sclera ofthe user's eye, with the aIOL implanted somewhere in the optical path ofthe eye to aid in sight.

Lastly, block 508 may be followed by block 510, which includes charginga battery included in the accommodating intraocular lens with thewirelessly transmitted power. The charging of the battery may beperformed with the assistance of charge control circuitry, such as thecharging circuitry 118. The battery may be periodically charged toensure the battery of the accommodating intraocular lens is capable ofpowering electronics and a dynamic optic included therein, for example.

The order in which some or all of the process blocks appear in method500 should not be deemed limiting. Rather, one of ordinary skill in theart having the benefit of the present disclosure will understand thatsome of the process blocks may be executed in a variety of orders notillustrated, or even in parallel. For example, blocks 502 and 504 may beperformed in parallel with the performance of blocks 506-510.Additionally, some of the blocks may be optional. For example, blocks502 and 504 may optionally be included in the method 500.

FIG. 6 is an example method 600 for wirelessly transmitting sensorinformation from implanted auxiliary electronics to an implanted aIOL inaccordance with the present disclosure. The method 600 may beimplemented, for example, by the ophthalmic system 100. Similar to themethod 500, the method 600 may be implemented by the aIOL 102 and theauxiliary electronics 104, which may be implanted in different regionsof a user's eye.

The method 600 may begin at block 602 with sensing an attempt ataccommodation by a sensor included in auxiliary electronics. Theauxiliary electronics, for example, may be implanted in or anchored to asclera of the user's eye, and include a sensor to detect attempts ataccommodation by the user's eye. The sensor, which may be the sensor134, may detect movements of the ciliary or the capsular bag, forexample. The movements may correlate to an amount of accommodation. Insome embodiments, the detected movements may be converted into acorresponding amount of accommodation by the auxiliary electronics. Theblock 602 may be followed by block 604, which includes wirelesslytransmitting the sensed attempt of accommodation by the auxiliaryelectronics. The wireless transmission may include the detectedmovements (actual or relative), the converted detected movements, orboth.

The block 604 may be followed by block 606, which includes receiving thewirelessly transmitted sensed attempt at accommodation by anaccommodating intraocular lens (aIOL). The aIOL may receive the sensedattempt, either detected or already converted into an amount ofaccommodation. If the detected movements are received, control logic ofthe aIOL, such as control logic 108, may convert the amount or relativeamount of detected movement into a correlated amount of accommodation,which may determine an amount of optical power to adjust. The block 606may be followed by block 608, which may include adjusting an opticincluded in the accommodating intraocular lens in response to the sensedattempt of accommodation. For example, the control logic 108 of the aIOL102 may provide control signals to the dynamic optic 114 to cause thedynamic optic 114 to adjust an optical power in order to provide thesensed amount of accommodation.

The order in which some or all of the process blocks appear in method600 should not be deemed limiting. Rather, one of ordinary skill in theart having the benefit of the present disclosure will understand thatsome of the process blocks may be executed in a variety of orders notillustrated, or even in parallel.

The above description of illustrated embodiments of the invention,including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed.While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention aredescribed herein for illustrative purposes, various modifications arepossible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in therelevant art will recognize. These modifications can be made to theinvention in light of the above detailed description. The terms used inthe following claims should not be construed to limit the invention tothe specific embodiments disclosed in the specification. Rather, thescope of the invention is to be determined entirely by the followingclaims, which are to be construed in accordance with establisheddoctrines of claim interpretation.

What is claimed is:
 1. An ophthalmic device comprising: an accommodatingintraocular lens (aIOL) enclosed in a first enclosure of a firstbiocompatible material, the aIOL including: a dynamic optic to providedynamic accommodation to an eye based upon detection of an attemptedaccommodation by the eye; first control logic coupled to the dynamicoptic to control actuation of the dynamic optic; a battery electricallycoupled to power the first control logic and the dynamic optic; and afirst antenna coupled to the battery; and auxiliary electronics enclosedin a second enclosure of a second biocompatible material, the secondenclosure discrete and physically separated from the first enclosure,the auxiliary electronics including: a second antenna; an energy storagecell coupled to the second antenna, the energy storage cell adapted toinductively charge the battery of the aIOL via the second antenna; andan accommodation sensor adapted to detect the attempted accommodation ofthe eye by monitoring a ciliary muscle of the eye or by monitoringmovement of a capsular bag of the eye, wherein the auxiliary electronicsare adapted to wirelessly couple to the aIOL for wireless transmissionof power and information indicative of the attempted accommodation bythe eye.
 2. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the auxiliaryelectronics further comprise second control logic, the second controllogic electrically coupled to the sensor, and configured to wirelesslytransmit a signal indicative of the attempted accommodation to the aIOL.3. The ophthalmic device of claim 2, wherein the second control logicwirelessly transmits the signal with the second antenna.
 4. Theophthalmic device of claim 2, wherein the auxiliary electronics furthercomprise a third antenna, and wherein the second control logicwirelessly transmits the signal with the third antenna.
 5. Theophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the second biocompatible materialhermetically seals the auxiliary electronics.
 6. The ophthalmic deviceof claim 1, wherein the first and second antenna are circular-shaped,helical coil antennae.
 7. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein thesecond antenna is an oval-shaped, helical coil antenna.
 8. Theophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the sensor is adapted to detectthe attempted accommodation by monitoring a ciliary muscle of the eye.9. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the sensor is adapted todetect the attempted accommodation by monitoring movement of a capsularbag of the eye.
 10. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the sensoris adapted to detect the attempted accommodation by monitoring relativemovement of the capsular bag.